Resistance to Change in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart...

Achebes novel Things Fall Apart chronicles the life of an individual whose carefully constructed world crumbles as his culture is assimilated into a colonizing society. This character, Okonkwo, is prestigious within his community, and in most respects views himself and is viewed by his neighbors as an honorable man. Yet for all his seeming honor, Okonwko self-destructs when his world begins to change. Although the value system held by Okonkwos village may differ somewhat from that held by other cultures, his particular experience during colonization is universal. When Okonkwo defines himself as an honorable man and thinks back upon his life achievements that have made him so, he focuses most strongly upon his ferocity.†¦show more content†¦In Okonkwos village, demonstrating honor brings several privileges embodied in wives and titles (8). The prerequisite for marrying is wealth, as mentioned in Ekwefis thoughts on the night of her daughters abduction: She had married Anene because Okonkwo was too poor then to marry. Even though she longed for Okonkwo, Ekwefi had to wait until he had established himself financially to leave her first husband for him (109). Of course with enough wealth, a man can take on several wives, with the advantages of having several women to pleasure him, cook for him, and bear him sons, bringing him more esteem in the village. Okonkwo seems satisfied with the number of wives he has taken, yet throughout the novel yearns for more titles. These titles distinguish Okonkwo as a member of the nobility and ensure his participation in the political and spiritual life of the village. For example, he is sent to a neighboring village to retrieve the young man given as retribution for a crime and entrusted with that childs care (12). He also enjoys participating in counsels of the village men (26) and even plays the part of one of the egwugwu, a secretive role reserved for the nobility among the village men (89). He longs to initiate his sons into the ozo society, leaving a legacy of nobility in his name (183). And it is his inability to further his nobility through title acquisition that he laments during his banishment in his mothers village: His life hadShow MoreRelatedOkonkwo’s Resistance to Change in  Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart1458 Words   |  6 Pages The character of Okonkwo in Chinua Achebe’s  Things Fall Apart  was driven by fear, a fear of change and losing his self-worth. He needed the village of Umuofia, his home, to remain untouched by time and progress because its system and structure were the measures by which he assigned worth and meaning in his own life. Okonkwo required this external order because of his childhood and a strained relationship with his father, which was also the root of his fears and subsequent drive for success. WhenRead MorePost-Colonial View on Things Fall Apart Essay1771 Words   |  8 PagesSociety in Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart (1958) The desire to conquer land that was previously unexplored has existed throughout history. This desire forced many indigenous societies, who were usually dominated technologically, to adapt to the teachings and overall system of the ‘superior’ conqueror nation with destruction as the only alternative. This causes a major impact on how a certain society functions, even after seeking independence from the foreigners. The rise and fall of indigenousRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe1324 Words   |  6 Pages Chinua Achebe chose to write his novels in English to reveal a deep response of his people to colonisation and to make that response understood to people all over the world. Things Fall Apart was written in English to teach people worldwide of the struggles he faced and the people of Nigeria faced growing up. Many authors and critics have written about Achebe’s ‘Things fall apart’ adding their valued opinion on what he was trying to say and his decision to write in English. In the followingRead MoreThe Struggle Between Tradition and Change1056 Words   |  5 PagesENGL 2112 October 17, 2012 In Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, the reader is taken on a literary journey to a Nigerian tribe, the Umuofia, to experience first-hand the struggles of a warrior named Okonkwo. At first glance, the novel appears to be written for a very specific audience: scholars familiar with Nigerian history, traditions, and culture. However, upon further examination the novel reveals itself to be a striking chronicle of human experiences, universal themes, and timelessRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1452 Words   |  6 Pagesassume control over the Roman Empire. However, imperialism in Africa remained a recorded element from 1750 to 1945. This paper visits how control and changes were influences over the Africans during this time period as seen through Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart. (UKEssays, 2015) Europe was experiencing a few financial and political changes that forced the major European forces to investigate abroad regions to add to their resources during the seventeenth century. In order for the EuropeanRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1515 Words   |  7 PagesChange is a natural process that triggers the evolution of human societies; it is the continuous eradication of traditions that are replaced by the new. Chinua Achebe’s ‘Things Fall Apart’ (TFA), a novel written in 1958, explores the gradual transformation of the Ibo culture as a result of colonialism and also the attitudes the people of Umoufia developed when exposed to foreign ideologies; the change was either accepted or resisted. Peter Skrzynecki’s ‘Crossing The Red Sea’ (CRS) and ‘Feliks Skrzynecki’Read MoreThings Fall Apart vs. Heart of Darkness Essay1617 Words   |  7 PagesAfrican Colonization through Literature: Things Fall Apart Vs. Heart of Darkness History is an extraordinary mix of truth and fiction. The dichotomy that is bred from different historic al perspectives opens the eyes of those who study history to the semi-fabricated nature of much of humanities past. For most of recorded history, events have been recorded and retold through the eyes of the victors. Only recently have people had the opportunity to view both sides of issues. The Western practiceRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel Things Fall Apart 1772 Words   |  8 Pages Authenticity of African Literature Introduction The novel â€Å"Things Fall Apart† focuses on the colonization history of Igbo, an ethnic group which was crashed by Christian culture. The main character of the novel, Okonkwo, embodied the sufferance of Igbo society as well as the decline of Igbo culture. The novel is written by Chinua Achebe who was born in Nigeria. Achebe lived in an English environment and thus he was proficient in writing EnglishRead MoreCommentary on Passge (Page 124-125) of Things Fall Apart by Chnua Achebe1162 Words   |  5 PagesIn this passage of Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe, the protagonist and main characters of the novel, Okonkwo, has just been sent into exile away from his land of Umuofia , Nigeria . The crime he has committed to receive such a punishment is the sin of murder. While he is attending a funeral for a man named, Ogbuefi Ezeudu, Okonkwo’s gun accidentally explodes and kills Ezeudu’s sixteen-year-old son. Killing a clansman is a crime against their earth goddess, thus, Okonkwo and his family are sentRead More Analysis of Achebes Impartiality in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart1098 Words   |  5 PagesAchebes Impartiality In Things Fall Apart   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Knowledge of Africa and the inhabitants of the massive continent were often portrayed as barbaric beasts by the first missionaries to enter the land.   Because of skewed writings by European missionary workers, a picture was painted for their readership of a savage Africa saved only by the benevolent, civilized western influence.   Achebe successfully attempts to redirect this attitude. Achebe educationally has the means to convey a different perspective

Acknowledging Postpartum Depression. Years Ago, There Was

Acknowledging Postpartum Depression Years ago, there was a limited understanding about postpartum depression and efficient treatments. Today, postpartum depression is better understood because of the willingness of others to recognize it as a legitimate condition. Based on Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† the treatments of her day were not adequate to improve the mental health of someone dealing with this diagnosis. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† the main character is given phosphates, tonics, and told to get air and exercise and journeys, and is absolutely forbidden to â€Å"work† until she is well again. (Kennedy, Gioia, and Revoyr 1035). Physicians recommended this method of treatment at the time. While these†¦show more content†¦(Beck and Driscoll 61). These factors give physicians the ability to diagnose the potential difficulties patients may have in the postpartum state. Equally significant, in the short story, is how the main character is treated by her husband, John, and her brother, who are both physicians. Due to the rudimentary understanding of the condition in her time, she is told that they concur with Mitchell and that the â€Å"rest cure† is what is best for her. The united front presented by the people she is close to leaves her feeling that no one close to her understands her condition which enhances the paranoia, loneliness, by increasing the sense that she must â€Å"escape.† Although women today still struggle with the symptoms of postpartum depression, they are not alone and condemned to feel there is no hope. â€Å"According to the Massachusetts General Hospital’s Center on Women’s Mental Health, during the postpartum period, about 85 percent of women experience some type of â€Å"mood disturbance† or Postpartum Depression (PPD).† (Chesler 104). It is stated that â€Å"One out of ten fem ale brains will become depressed within the first year after giving birth.† (Brizendine 181). In this short story by Gilman, she draws from her personal experience and the frustration of feeling â€Å"stifled by marriage and motherhood† (Golden and Zangrando 185). Gilman’s experience with S. Weir Mitchell, a well-known neurologist ofShow MoreRelatedAbnormal Psychology - Mood Disorders4501 Words   |  19 Pagesas mood (affective) disorders in ICD 10. English psychiatrist Henry Maudsley proposed an overarching category of affective disorder. The term was then replaced by mood disorder, as the latter term refers to the underlying or longitudinal emotional state, whereas the former refers to the external expression observed by others. Definition Depression: A low, sad state marked by significant levels of sadness, lack of energy, low self-worth, guilt, or related symptoms. Mania: a state of or episodeRead MoreHesi Practice31088 Words   |  125 Pages23-month-old child is brought to the emergency department with suspected croup. Which assessment finding reflects increasing respiratory distress? A. Intercostal retractions. B. Bradycardia. C. Decreased level of consciousness. D. Flushed skin. 9. A 20-year-old mother of a premature newborn smoked cigarettes during her pregnancy. Her son is a client in a neonatal intensive care unit and has a diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Because the mother is Roman Catholic, which nursing interventionRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 Pagesfrom the Institute of Psychiatry, University of London, England. Dr. Clark has published numerous articles on cognitive theory and therapy of depression and obsessive–compulsive disorders (OCD), and is a Founding Fellow of the Academy of Cognitive Therapy. He is coauthor, with Aaron T. Beck, of Scientific Foundations of Cognit ive Theory and Therapy of Depression and coeditor, with Mark Reinecke, of Cognitive Therapy across the Lifespan: Evidence and Practice. Drs. Clark and Beck recently developed the

Hotel & Hospitality Management for Waiwo Dive- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHotel Hospitality Management for Waiwo Dive Resort. Answer: Work integrated learning Work integrated learning refers to as an internship program taken by many students who want to feel the real-life experiences. In simple words, this is the program which makes a student understand the real-life professional experiences (Ferns, Campbell, and Zegwaard, 2014). Work integrated learning is an academic subject which gives an opportunity to the students to learn in the workplace. It is highly demanded by an international student in the city like Australia because they want to gain the knowledge and experience so that they can get the best opportunity. This method of making students aware of the professional work life is used by many universities across the world (Brink, Mearns, and Du Plessis, 2014). Talking about my recent placement at Waiwo Dive Resort as a Front office staff shows the difficulties that might be faced by the student while completing the internship program. The Waiwo Dive Resort is included in the hospitality industry where a student takes the experience. Problems faced by students Being in the front office, the students might face the problem in managing the assign task, the task assigned to the front office employees in resort is to represent the resort in front of the customers, registration of guest and answering the enquires in regards to the resort, maintaining the reservation and the vacancies (Andrews, 2013). Weak language skills are one of the most emerging problems which are faced by many of the international students. In the front line job, the students deal with this issue and this issue can create an impact on the working. The students might face the issue of understanding the query of the customer in regards to the resort, this might create the problem in resolving the query and lead to lack of customer satisfaction. The students might face the lack of training and the information sharing system from the university as well from the resort side. The lack of details in regards to the work from the resort manager will lead to the difficulties for the students. This might create the problem for the students who are taking the experience of the workplace. Resolution of the problems The students can easily overcome the difficulties while learning the experience at Waiwo Dive Resort. The students who are looking to work in the hospitality industry need to make sure that there motive is customer delight which can be achieved by delivering the effective services. The front office employees are the one who is the first interaction point, so it is just to make sure that their staffs are not facing any problems. Communication- The students who are working front office work they should know the way of communication, instead of using any regional language they can use the English language (Jackson, 2015). To work on language skills they can take different sessions on soft skills or either they can participate in the conversation which helps them in improving the communication skills of the students. Effective work- Managing the assigned task is becoming an issue for the student because they are new to this work, as time pass on they can easily manage the task on their own. The students just have to do their work effectively so that they became familiar with the work as soon as possible. Learning through participation- Lack of understanding the customer is a very crucial problem it not only creates an impact on the working of the student but also impacts the business on the profitability, revenue and the goodwill of the business. The students should use the theory of the learning through participation. Considering the theory, the student should interact with more and more customer so that they can easily understand the needs of the customer in regards to the resort (Cason, and Samek, 2015). This will not only enhance the learning of the students but also enhance their experience in the front office job which will open numerous doors for them. Self-reliance/self-training- in case the students are not getting the appropriate training in regards to the work, they should try to learn the things on their own. This is the basic motive behind the work integrated learning, through this can make the student learning their work own by seeing other employees working there on same profile (Boud, 2013). These few are the resolution which will help the student in enhancing the experience through learning. The implementation of the some of the resolution will resolve the problem of the students and they can easily learn and enhance their future opportunities. References Andrews, S., 2013. Hotel front office: A training manual. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Boud, D., 2013. Enhancing learning through self-assessment. Routledge. Brink, R., Mearns, M. and Du Plessis, T., 2014. Managing information for work-integrated learning at higher education institutions. Mousaion, 32(3), pp.13-28. Cason, T.N. and Samek, A., 2015. Learning through passive participation in asset market bubbles. Journal of the Economic Science Association, 1(2), pp.170-181. Ferns, S., Campbell, M. and Zegwaard, K.E., 2014. Work integrated learning. Jackson, D., 2015. Employability skill development in work-integrated learning: Barriers and best practice. Studies in Higher Education, 40(2), pp.350-367.

Observations of an Apple Essay Essay Example

Observations of an Apple Essay Essay The assignment was to detect a fruit or veggie for at least an hr. I thought it was brainsick and pointless but non so pathetic that I would non make it and gain a bad class. Before I started. I read Samuel Scudder’s essay â€Å"Learning to See† where he talks about holding to make a similar type of assignment but with a fish. He finally became engrossed in the fish and so I became determined that I was traveling to seek to happen all I perchance could about my apple in the hr that I had. With this in head. I chose an apple from my bowl of fruit and prepared for what I thought would be a boring 60 proceedingss. We will write a custom essay sample on Observations of an Apple Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Observations of an Apple Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Observations of an Apple Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I grabbed some paper and a pen. turned on some music. and began the observation procedure. I started merely by composing everything I could see on the exterior of the apple. The tegument of the apple had many different sunglassess of ruddy every bit good as a xanthous spot on one side. It was covered in dark ruddy chevrons that looked like speedy pigment shots from a bantam paintbrush. Small white and xanthous points gave it the visual aspect of a dotted egg. I so noticed the apple’s form every bit good as the balls. dents. and abrasions on its tegument. It was somewhat cold to the touch. every bit good as smooth and dry. I was tempted to travel in front and cut the apple unfastened but I wanted to do certain I had written down all the little inside informations that would usually travel wholly unnoticed. After I was certain I had noted every bit much as I could about the exterior. I sliced the apple in half horizontally to detect the interior. When it is cut horizontally. the small cavity where the seeds are kept is in the form of a star and feels like thin composition board. There were five seeds. all dark brown and shaped like a raindrop. The flesh was softer on its ain without the protection of the tegument and about mushy. When I looked even closer. it seemed that the flesh of the apple was made up of bantam crystals that glistened in the visible radiation because of the juice and its pick colouring. The interior was even colder since it was wet. The sweet odor of the apple grew stronger and I eventually gave in and took a bite. I wrote about the crunchiness. how sharp it was. how my dentitions left their feeling in the apple. how the tegument ripped when it was bitten. and how juicy it was. I decided to look into the clip at that point and was highly surprised that I had merely 15 proceedingss left to complete up my notes. So I decided to acquire a little more originative with what I did to the apple. I began dissecting pieces of it. cutting small musca volitanss in half. happening the venas and what seemed to be roots of the apple. I even noticed how it stained the paper towel it sat on when I cut it. Soon I realized I had merely a few proceedingss left and so to complete it all off. I decided to see what would go on when the apple. or what was left of it. would make when thrown hard against the paving. I rapidly ran outside and excitedly hurled the apple at the land. I was pleased to watch it interrupt apart and spill all over the pavement and even into the snow. I walked back inside and was surprised at how aroused and enthusiastic I had become by traveling through this kind of experiment. I did non anticipate that kind of reaction to come from me particularly when my first ideas had been that I would stop up detesting this assignment and giving up on it. I neer would hold believed person if they had told me that I would one twenty-four hours pass an hr detecting an apple. and in the terminal. happen that I had really enjoyed it.

ECHR and the British judiciary essays

ECHR and the British judiciary essays Has the incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights into British Statue law fundamentally altered the role of the judiciary in British politics? The European Convention on Human Rights was drafted as a reaction to the human rights violations of the World Wars; the convention was an attempt to ensure that basic human rights would be protected thereafter. After being the first nation to sign European Convention on Human Rights in 1951, the British government did not feel it necessary to incorporate the convention into British statute law. The primary reason was that the government felt that the rights protected by the treaty were already upheld by the combination of British statute and common law. However, a growing number of cases where British citizens have been forced to go to the European Court of Human Rights in order to have grievances heard that are protected by the treaty, but not by British law resulted in the government reconsidering this position. This led the passing of the Human Rights Act in 1998 by the Blair government; this incorporated the European Convention on Human Rights into British statute law. The outcome of the Human Rights Act (1998) is that the judiciary in Britain have been granted a new power, the ability to deem a law incompatible with the convention. This has altered the traditional role of the judiciary, throughout the rest of this essay I will examine to what extent the position of the judiciary has been altered by the incorporation of the convention. The role of the judiciary in the British system has traditionally been interpretation of the statute law made by Parliament and the common law. This stems from the manner in which the judicial system came to be at the end of the English Civil War in 1641. Medieval judges were appointed by the Crown; they had the sole ability of declaring and applying the law. They did not however have the mandate to amend the law or interpret it in...

SAT Subject Test Math 1 vs Math 2 Which Should I Take

SAT Subject Test Math 1 vs Math 2 Which Should I Take SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you're considering taking SAT Subject Tests and math is a strong subject for you, you’ll need to decide which SAT Subject Test in math to take. There are two Math SAT Subject Tests: Math 1 and Math 2 (also written as Math Level 1 and Math Level 2, or Math I and Math II). Math 2 is meant for students with more high school math coursework and covers a broader range of topics than Math 1 does. Other than that, the two tests are pretty similar: both have 50 multiple-choice questions and a 60-minute time limit. In this article, I’ll go over what’s covered in Math 1, what’s covered in Math 2, their similarities and differences, whether Math 1 is easier than Math 2, and how to choose which Subject Test to take. Note: This article deals with the two Math SAT Subject Tests, not the Math section on the regular SAT. To learn more about the SAT Math section and how to do well on it, check out our ultimate SAT Math prep guide. What’s Covered on SAT Math 1? SAT Subject Test Math 1 covers the topics you learn in one year of geometry and two years of algebra. Here's what you can expect to see on the test: Topics and Subtopics % of Math 1 SAT Subject Test Approximate # of Questions Number and Operations 10-14% 5-7 Operations, ratio and proportion, complex numbers, counting, elementary number theory, matrices, sequences Algebra and Functions 38-42% 19-21 Expressions, equations, inequalities, representation and modelling, properties of functions (linear, polynomial, rational, exponential) Geometry and Measurement 38-42% 19-21 Plane geometry 18-22% 9-11 Coordinate: Lines, parabolas, circles, symmetry, transformations 8-12% 4-6 Three-dimensional: solids, surface area and volume (cylinders, cones, pyramids, spheres, prisms) 4-6% 2-3 Trigonometry: right triangles and identities 6-8% 3-4 Data Analysis, Statistics, and Probability 8-12% 4-6 Mean, median, mode, range, interquartile range, graphs and plots, least squares regression (linear), probability Source: SAT Subject Tests Student Guide As you can see, most of the questions will be about algebra, functions, or geometry. This means that when you are studying for Math 1, these are the main areas you should focus on. There will also be a few questions (about five) on data analysis/statistics/probability. I’m calling this out because it’s something many students haven’t spent a lot of time on in class. What’s Covered on SAT Math 2? The SAT Subject Test Math 2 covers most of the same topics as Math 1- information that would be covered in one year of geometry and two years of algebra- plus precalculus and trigonometry. However, the geometry concepts learned in a typical geometry class are only assessed indirectly through more advanced geometry topics such as coordinate and three-dimensional geometry. Here is a chart with topics and percentage breakdowns: Topics and Subtopics % of Math 2 SAT Subject Test Approximate # of Questions Number and Operations 10-14% 5-7 Operations, ratio and proportion, complex numbers, counting, elementary number theory, matrices, sequences, series, vectors Algebra and Functions 48-52% 24-26 Expressions, equations, inequalities, representation and modelling, properties of functions (linear, polynomial, rational, exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, periodic, piecewise, recursive, parametric) Geometry and Measurement 28-32% 14-16 Coordinate: lines, parabolas, circles, ellipses, hyperbolas, symmetry, transformations, polar coordinates 10-14% 5-7 Three-dimensional: solids, surface area and volume (cylinders, cones, pyramids, spheres, prisms), coordinates in three dimensions 4-6% 2-3 Trigonometry: right triangles, identities, radians, law of cosines, law of sines, equations, double angle formula 12-16% 6-8 Data Analysis, Statistics, and Probability 8-12% 4-6 Mean, median, mode, range, interquartile range, standard deviation, graphs and plots, least squares regression (linear, quadratic, exponential), probability Source: SAT Subject Tests Student GuideIt’s worth noting that on the main College Board page for Math 2, they (incorrectly) state that the test is 48-52% geometry. But in the SAT Subject Tests Student Guide, you can see that the actual percentage is 28-32%. Let’s all be glad that the questions on College Board tests are much more closely vetted than what goes on their website! In terms of individual topics, the Math 2 test is, by far, weighted most heavily toward algebra and functions, with about half the questions in this area. You can also expect to see a sizable chunk of trigonometry. Knowing the properties of all different types of functions, including trigonometric functions, is the single most important topic to study for the Math 2 test. If you don’t know all of that backwards and forwards, there will be a lot of questions you simply don’t understand. Your friend, the triangle. SAT Subject Test Math 1 vs Math 2: Similarities and Differences To give you an easy-to-follow overview when you are comparing tests, I’ll quickly go over which topics are covered on both exams and which you can expect to see only on Math 1 and only on Math 2, respectively. Topics on Both Math 1 and Math 2 We'll start by looking at the general topics that are present on both Math Subject Tests. Numbers and Operations Operations: Basic multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction. Remember the proper order of operations! Ratio and Proportion: Value comparisons and relationships between value comparisons. (Think: how many of one thing relative to another thing? Three cows for every two sheep?) Complex Numbers: Numerical expressions that include imaginary numbers. Counting: How many combinations are possible given certain conditions. For example, if there are eight chairs and eight guests, how many orders could the guests sit in? Elementary Number Theory: Properties of integers, factorization, prime factors, etc. Matrices: Basic operations with number grids. Sequences: Number patterns. Geometry Geometry on the coordinate plane, including questions about lines, parabolas, circles (and circle equations), symmetry, and transformations. With the exception of circles, coordinate geometry is less concerned with the actual functions making the figures and more with the properties of figures: is the shape symmetrical? How long is this segment of the line? And so on. Three-dimensional: Calculating the surface area and volume of cylinders, cones, pyramids, spheres, and prisms. Trigonometry: Right triangles and the Pythagorean theorem as well as basic trig identities such as sine, cosine, and tangent. Algebra Expressions: Mathematical phrases with variables, numbers, and operators (like $x+3$ or $2x+9y−4$). You must know how to factor, expand, and manipulate these expressions. Equations: An expression that is set to be equal to something, like $x+3=10$. You’ll need to understand how to solve these. You'll also need to be able to solve systems of equations. Inequalities: Expressions set to be greater or less than a value, like $x+310$. You'll need to know how to solve these, and how to solve systems of inequalities. Representation and Modeling: Creating equations that model a given scenario. You’ll need to know how to create and interpret these. Properties of Functions: You’ll need to be able to identify the following kinds of functions and understand how they work, how they look when graphed, and how to factor them. You should also know how to identify $x$- and $y$-intercepts and any unique characteristics they may have. Linear: Straight-line functions, generally written as $f(x)=mx+b$ or $y=mx+b$ Polynomial: Functions in which variables are elevated to exponential powers. This includes quadratic functions like $y=x^2+2x+2$ as well as functions like $y=x^5+4x$. Rational: Functions in which polynomial expressions appear in the numerator and the denominator of a fraction. For example: $$y=(x^2+4)/(x^3+x^2+9)$$ Exponential: Functions in which $x$ appears as an exponential power. Here's an example: $$y=3^(x+2)$$ Data Analysis, Statistics, and Probability Mean, Median, Mode, Range: Basic properties of data sets. Interquartile Range: A measure of a data set variability based on the range between data quartiles 3 and 1. Graphs and Plots: Creating and interpreting visual representations of data sets. Least Squares Regression (Linear): How closely correlated two variables are, and how much a data set resembles a straight line. Probability: Mathematical determinations of how likely a certain outcome is to occur; you’ll need to be able to create and interpret these. You could also skip standardized testing and go live alone in the desert. Topics on Math 1 Only The only topic on Math 1 that's not directly addressed at all on Math 2 is plane geometry, which is a fairly significant 20% of Math 1. Note that plane geometry concepts are addressed on Math 2 via coordinate and 3-D geometry. Topics on Math 2 Only Math 2 contains a fairly large number of topics that aren't tested on Math 1. Numbers and Operations Series: The sum of a sequence. Vectors: Geometric objects with size (length) and direction; you’ll need to be able to do basic operations with vectors. Geometry Coordinate: Equations and properties of ellipses and hyperbolas in the coordinate plane, and polar coordinates. Three-Dimensional: Plotting lines and determining distances between points in three dimensions. Trigonometry: Radian Measure: An alternative way to measure angles in terms of Ï€. You must know how to convert to and from degrees. Law of Cosines and Law of Sines: Trigonometric formulas that allow you to determine the length of a triangle side when one of the angles and two of the sides are known. You'll need to know the formulas and how to use them. Equations: Know how to identify and solve algebraic equations involving trigonometric identities, like $10=cos(x+8)$. Double Angle Formulas: Formulas that allow you to find information on an angle twice as large as the given angle measure. Algebra Properties of Functions: You’ll need to be able to identify the following kinds of functions and understand how they work, how they look when graphed, and how to factor them. You should also be able to identify $x$- and $y$-intercepts and any unique characteristics they might have. Logarithmic: Functions that involve taking the log of a variable. For example: $f(x)=log(x)$ Trigonometric Functions: Graphs of sine, cosine, tangent, etc. For example: $f(x)=sin(x)$ Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Graphs of the inverse of sine, cosine, tangent, and other trig identities. For example: $f(x)=arcsin(x)$ or $f(x)=sin$-1$(x)$ Periodic: Any function that repeats its values over an interval; trigonometric functions are periodic. Piecewise: A function that is defined by a different equation for different ranges of $x$. Recursive: A function defined in terms of other functions. Parametric: Equations of curves in which x and $y$ are defined via some third variable, normally t. $x=cos(t)$$y=sin(t)$is the equation for the unit circle, a parametric equation. Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability Least Squares Regression (quadratic, exponential): How well the points of a data set correspond to a quadratic or exponential shape. As you can see, there's a lot of overlap between the two Math SAT Subject Tests. However, Math 2 also tests more advanced versions of the topics tested on Math 1. It leaves off directly testing plane Euclidean geometry, though the concepts are indirectly tested through coordinate and 3-D geometry topics. Even with that cut out, Math 2 still covers a much broader swath of topics than Math 1 does. This means that question styles for Math 2 and Math 1 can be pretty different, even though many of the same topics are addressed (see the next section for elaboration on this). A broad swath. Is Math 1 Easier Than Math 2? Given that Math 2 covers more advanced topics than Math 1 does, you might think that Math 1 is going to be the easier exam. But this is not necessarily true. Since Math 1 tests fewer concepts, you can expect more abstract and multi-step problems to test the same core math concepts in a variety of ways. The College Board needs to fill up 50 questions, after all! Below is an example of a tricky question you might see on the Math 1 test. (Note that all practice problems in this article come from the official SAT Subject Tests Student Guide.) The above problem is testing fundamental plane Euclidean geometry concepts but in a way that makes you apply these concepts differently than you might expect to. Let’s walk through it. To figure out the area of the shaded region, we’ll need to subtract the area of the rectangle from the area of the circle. The area of the rectangle is pretty straightforward- $\ov{AB}$ is 5 and side $\ov{BC}$ is 12. So that would be $5*12 = 6$0. Now, we’ll need to find the area of that circle. $Ï€r^2$ is the formula for a circle’s area, but we don’t have the radius or diameter. However, we can find the diameter with the help of our friend, the Pythagorean theorem. We know that $\ov{AC}$ is going to be the same length as the diameter. How do we know this? Since ABCD is an inscribed rectangle, angle ∠ ABC is an inscribed right angle. Therefore, AC, the diameter, is the hypotenuse of right triangle ââ€" ³ABC. The Pythagorean theorem states that $a^2+b^2=c^2$ and we know a and b are 5 and 12, respectively. Therefore, $$5^2+12^2=c^2$$ $$25+144=c^2$$ $$169=c^2$$ $$13=c$$ With a diameter of 13, the radius is 6.5. The area of the circle = $$Ï€(6.5)^2=132.73$$ Area of the circle minus area of the rectangle: $$132.73−60=72.73$$ The answer is C! The above problem didn’t test any difficult concepts, but it did make us combine a few Euclidean geometry concepts (and three formulas!) in interesting ways to make the problem appear tricky. On the other hand, problems on Math II tend to take fewer steps to solve and are more straightforward, high-school-math-test-type questions: identify the concept, plug in, and go. For example, see this pretty straightforward plug-in-and-go 3-D volume/basic algebra question: Let’s walk through it. The volume of a right circular cylinder is $h*Ï€(1/2 d)^2$ We know the volume; we also know that the diameter and height are equal. Since the radius is equal to half the diameter, we can express the radius in terms of the height. This gives us the following equation: $$h*Ï€(1/2 h)^2=2$$ which can be simplified as $$(Ï€h^3)/4=2$$$$(h^3)/4=2/Ï€$$ and then $$h^3=8/Ï€$$ All of a sudden, we’ve got a pretty simple single-variable algebra problem. Plug and go to get 1.37, or answer choice A. The number-crunching in this problem might be a little ugly, but it’s pretty simple conceptually: a single-variable algebra problem that only uses one formula.These two problems showcase the difference between problem types on Math 1 and Math 2. Additionally, the curve is much steeper for Math 1 than it is for Math 2. Getting one question wrong on Math 1 is enough to knock you from that 800, but you can get seven or eight questions wrong and still potentially get an 800 on Math 2. Essentially, Math 1 is the easier exam only if you don’t know the advanced topics tested on Math 2. If you do know the Math 2 concepts, you'll find it easier than Math 1 because the material will be fresher in your mind, the questions are more straightforward, and the curve is kinder. A kind (and mathematical!) curve. How to Decide Which Math Subject Test to Take There are, in general, two factors to consider when deciding between Math 1 and Math 2: (1) what math coursework you have completed and (2) what the colleges you're applying to recommend or require. Which Math Courses Have You Taken? In general, if you're going to take a Math Subject Test, you should take the one that most closely aligns with the math coursework you've completed. If you’ve taken one year of geometry and two years of algebra, go with Math 1. If you’ve taken that plus precalculus and trigonometry (which is taught as one yearlong math class at most high schools), then take Math 2. Down-testing (i.e., taking Math 1 when you have the coursework for Math 2) is likely to backfire due to the fact that the material won't be as fresh for you and the curve for Math 1 is so unforgiving. If you’re in the middle of precalculus/trigonometry, things are a little more complicated. If it’s the beginning or middle of the year, take Math 1. If you try to take Math 2 too early, there will be material on the exam you haven’t covered yet, so you’ll either have to learn it or accept that you won’t get those points (which is a risky move I don’t recommend at all!). If you're close to the end of the year and you'd like to take Math 2, I'd advise you to simply wait to take the test until you’ve completed the requisite coursework. Which Test Do the Colleges You're Applying to Recommend or Require? Though many institutions that recommend or require SAT Subject Tests give you flexibility in what subjects you send, others have more stringent requirements, particularly engineering or medicine-based programs. Some notable programs and institutions that require Math level 2 include the following: Caltech- requires Math 2 from all applicants Harvey Mudd- requires Math 2 from all applicants Northwestern- select programs require Math 2 Most institutions in the University of California system strongly recommend (not require) Math 2 for engineering and science applicants If you know that you have your eye on a program that requires or recommends the Math 2 Subject Test, plan ahead to take the necessary math coursework. Programs that require or prefer the Math 2 Subject Test often have required introductory math coursework for first-year students that necessitates a certain background level in math, which is why they require Math 2. Therefore, try to get in the coursework necessary to be able to take and do well on the Math 2 Subject Test. If you don’t plan ahead, you might end up in a situation in which you are set to go into precalculus your senior year. In this case, you should aim to take precalculus the summer after your junior year and the Math 2 Subject Test in the fall of your senior year. Some high schools don’t offer an advanced enough math track for you to be able to get through precalculus by your senior year. It’s not super fair if you’re in this situation, but you can make up for it by taking a math class over the summer or at a local community college. On the other hand, some engineering programs and schools will accept either Math Subject Test (i.e., they have no preference). If your program accepts Math 1 or Math 2, take them at their word and opt for the test that better aligns with your regular coursework. The reason the College Board offers two levels of math isn’t to suggest that those who take Math 2 are somehow better at math, but rather that they understand not all high schools will offer the same math classes. High schools with fewer resources often do not offer as much advanced math coursework, and the colleges that accept either math exam do so for this exact reason. In fact, the colleges that require Math 2 are unfortunately penalizing underprivileged students, even if they are doing so because their introductory math coursework starts at too high a level to accept a less-advanced Math test. Note: In general, colleges will not accept Math 1 and Math 2 as two separate Subject Tests because there's so much overlap between the material. This doesn’t mean you can’t take both- just that they won’t count as two separate Subject Tests in the eyes of the college you're applying to. What If You Still Can't Decide Which Math Subject Test to Take? If you're still at a loss (or even if you just want to validate your choice before you register for one of the two Math tests), answer some practice questions for each Math Subject Test and compare how you do on them. If you score a lot higher on one test, choose that one. You can find practice questions for both exams in the College Board’s SAT Subject Tests Student Guide. Don’t forget that you can also retake Subject Tests, and there’s no rule that if you take one of the math tests that you can’t then take the other one if you feel as though you didn’t choose the better test for you the first time around. I don’t recommend taking both Math Subject Tests as a first-line strategy because you’ll waste time prepping for both when you don’t need to, and you already have enough to study and prepare for when you apply to college. However, it's something to keep in mind. You should also double-check that you actually have to take a Math Subject Test for the programs you're applying to since many schools will accept a science Subject Test instead. Choose your exam carefully, like this intrepid soul choosing which rocks to step on. SAT Subject Test Math 1 vs Math 2: The Final Word The College Board offers two SAT Subject Tests in math: Math 1 and Math 2. Math 1 is designed for those who've taken two years of algebra and one year of geometry, while Math 2 targets those who've also taken precalculus/trigonometry. Although they cover many of the same topics, Math 1 involves more tricky applications of math concepts since the scope of the exam is narrower. In general, you should take the Math Subject Test that best corresponds to the coursework you've completed. Taking Math 1 when you have the coursework for Math 2 might backfire given Math 1's steeper curve. By contrast, taking Math 2 without the requisite coursework will leave you completely lost for much of the exam. If you're applying to programs that require or strongly recommend Math 2, plan ahead so that you can complete the necessary coursework before you take the exam. And remember, if you end up taking both Math Subject Tests, most programs will only accept one toward your total of required or recommended Subject Tests. What's Next? Ready to test out your ratio and proportions skills? Try calculating how many seconds there are in a day, week, and year, then compare the result to our guide. Planning to take the Math 2 Subject test but a little shaky on your coordinate geometry? Make sure to review our articles on graph quadrants and how to complete the square so that you're not caught unaware on test day. Want some more specific advice on when to take the Math 2 Subject Test? Read our guide to learn how to choose the best test date for you. You might also want to check out our guide to SAT Subject Test scores for the Ivy League to learn how high to aim on test day. If you're taking AP tests and SAT Subject Tests, you might be wondering which exams are more important. In this guide, we explain which tests to prioritize for your college applications. Taking the regular SAT, too? Let us walk you through the format of the SAT Math section. Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below:

World Bank- Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

World Bank- Globalization - Essay Example It grants aids and loans to the underdeveloped world, funds the provision of infrastructure to poor countries and strives to improve the health, food, education, and sanitation facilities around the globe. This implies that it is an institution coming across with a heterogeneous range of cultures, societies and environments in its every single operation. It requires thoughtful management and leadership roles to deal with such delicate issues upon which its success rests. Hence, the study attempts to illustrate globalization and the issues associated with the term in the practical sense. It will encompass in fine depth the challenges encountered by the global business activities through cultural, social and environmental dynamics. It will be accompanied with a thorough analysis of the management and leadership theories for cross cultural business activities particularly in the context of World Bank's operations. It will provide a fair understanding of the issues concerning the global business activities and the management caliber required to deal with those accordingly. The term 'globalization' has been illuminated by several authors through different words and perspectives such as Daly (1999), Ohmae (1995), Harvey (1996), Dicken (1998) and Brown (1992) etc. According to Ohmae (1995), globalization refers to eradication of all the obstacles coming in the way of social and commercial interaction. This explanation of the term 'globalization' associates it with all the activities that are undertaken to liberate the social and business exchange of information. In other words, globalization takes place when all the barriers to exchange between different nations are obliterated altogether. Brown (1992, p123) describes globalization as the reciprocal link "between overlapping interests of business and society". Under this perception, globalization refers to the connection between the commercial and social concerns when they come to exist together. Daly (1990, p1) illustrates the term more comprehensively as, "Globalization refers to global economic integration of many formerly national economies into one global economy, mainly by free trade and free capital mobility, but also by easy or uncontrolled migration". This illustration of the term broadly relates to the modern view of 'globalization', which combines together the world economies into one 'global village' through free flow of commerce, capital and people from one country to another. Globalization that is concerned in this study is the concept underlying the activities of an organization or institution spread over a global scale. It is compelled to encounter various challenges during the course of its operation owing to the diversity demonstrated in human beliefs, values and performance across the globe. World Bank is a major contributor to globalization. It performs its activities across the globe and exerts efforts to promote the prevalence of globalization. It is the short name for "The World Bank Group" and is formed with several international institutions most conspicuously, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA), serving the governments through the provision of loans, and the International Finance Corporation (IFC), striving for the promotion of private sector within nations. As indicated

The Concept of Property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The Concept of Property - Essay Example The elusive concept of property leads to the difficulty of defining what is property, and thus creates complexity for courts to use the concept of property as an analytical tool for deciding cases.2 In this paper I will discuss a frequently cited concept of property - the 'bundle of rights' theory of property formulated by theorist Wesley Hohfeld3 and complimented by theorist A.M. Honore4 and assess whether or not property is a bundle of rights. Section I of this paper will examine the difficulty of defining property and the sources of its elusiveness. Section II will examine what the 'bundle of rights' theory is and how property can be seen as a 'bundle of rights'. Section III will examine how the 'bundle of rights' theory is limited in defining the concept of property. Section IV will examine the effect that conflicting conceptions of property have on court decisions about property. Specifically I will use three cases to illustrate the effects of differing conceptions of property - Yanner5, Wily6 and Moore7. Wesley Comb Hohfeld described property as a bundle of rights. Hohfeld presents us with an analytical framework that splits rights into four different jural relationships. The main aim of his schema is to present an analytical description of rights. Simply put, Hohfeld aimed to provide a conceptual understanding for our use of right and duty in practice, thus facilitating a better understanding of the nature of our rights. His framework precludes informing us what rights, duties are or should be or what their moral foundation is or what is necessary for something to count as a right, duty etc. He does not, therefore, say anything about the justification of rights. Specifically, Hohfeld's table presents a distinction between four different sets of juridical relationships. (See Figure 1). Figure 1: Hohfeld's Table of Entitlements and Burdens: Right(Claim-Right) Liberty[ Power Immunity Duty No-Right Liability Disability The table above presents four sets of Hohfeldian jural relations. The top row contains four types of Hohfeld's legal rights, while the bottom row indicates the legal position entailed for the other party in each of the types of right. These are jural correlatives. On the other hand, the pairs of diagonally opposite elements in the first two columns (duty/liberty and right/no-right) and those in the last two columns (liability/immunity and power/disability) are jural opposites, i.e. two legal positions that negate each other. (Lazarev 12:1-2). All of the Hohfeldian rights (in the top row) represent entitlements against a specific person. In a sense, each Hohfeldian right resolves only one issue between two specific parties.We start with a simple discussion of rights. One has to be very specific here. He who has the right must be able to pinpoint another person with a correlative duty either in terms of shield or assistance. Hohfeld's explained that every right is a relation between no more than two persons To say that X has a legal claim-right means that he is legally protected from interference by Y or against Y's withholding of assistance with respect to X's project Z. Conversely, Y, who is to abstain from interference, or is required to provide assistance in

September 11th victims’ compensation Essay Example for Free

September 11th victims’ compensation Essay Why are family members of September 11th victims compensated more than a surviving family member of an American soldier killed in action? Thesis Statement: The effect of September 11 terrorist attacks are immeasurable and the families of the victims should be highly compensated for it’s the only tangible way for the society to show their compassion for the lives being sacrificed. Herman, S. a. W. , Michelle (2004). Repairing the Harm: A New Vision for Crime Victim Compensation in America. National Center for Victims of Crime, 73. The main intention of the authors why they wrote the article is mainly to present a complete picture of the various effects of the attack to the nation. They discuss how the bombing greatly affect the nation, emotionally, physically, and mentally. Many have been traumatized. The death of almost 3,000 people in the attack was a great loss to New York City and to the nation. According to the author, it’s really difficult to put dollar values on lives lost. Though compensation can not address all that the victims suffer, at least it can be a critical component in mending their broken hearts. As the title of the article goes, â€Å"Repairing the Harm†, it is a call for us to take part and show their compassion. Some issues about financial assistance are also being tackled. Different costs of crimes and its impacts are being mentioned too. The author also presented different researches and studies related to the topic. Above all, the article provides arguments on why financial compensation is important to those victims of crimes. I will use the arguments of the authors to defend my position on why the families of September 11th victims need high financial considerations.

Comparing To His Coy Mistress and One Flesh :: Papers

Comparing To His Coy Mistress and One Flesh These are two poems wrote at very different times, and have some very different views about love and what is contained in love. Andrew Marvell wrote 'To His Coy Mistress,' in the 17th century has views are of a man thinking about his sex life. 'One Flesh,' written by Elizabeth Jennings in the 20th century has views from a daughter looking at her parents with a sympathetic view. In 'To His Coy Mistress,' the language within this poem is much like the style of language used in Shakespeare's work, and it would seem they had similar interests and motives on writing their pieces. It seems that the only reason for Marvell to write this poem was to try and get his Lady-friend to advance their caring relationship into a sexual relationship. Within this poem all he is really doing is trying to persuade his girlfriend to change her mind about wanting to die pure and innocent, as she wants to die a virgin, and goes about this by describing some horrific images. This could show that he wants her to be scared out of her state of mind and into his beliefs. He starts off trying to sweeten her into wanting to have sex with him, he says Had we but world enough, and time, This coyness, Lady, were no crime. We would sit down, and think which way -------------------------------------- To talk, and pass our long love's day. He is saying here that if there were a limitless amount of time we would be able to go out and just think about talking to each other, but because life is short we can't do that so take a chance and do it. Then he goes onto say that in an ideal world one would have time to go to such places as India and search for ruby's and he would not complain because he would have endless amounts of time with her, but this isn't an ideal world. Here he is just reinforcing his previous

The Cure for Death by Lightning

Gail Anderson-Dargatz’s masterpiece, The Cure for Death by Lightning, recounts the story of Beth Weeks, a fifteen-year-old living on a farm near a reserve. Throughout the story, Beth has to endure different kinds of ill-treatment as well as an invisible predator who seems to be following her. Through her struggle, the author reveals that a character, despite being abused, and having to live in difficult conditions can evolve into a mature and responsible young woman. Beth’s encounters, as well as her choices throughout the novel, help her overcome her difficult situation and put a stop to the abuse she’s going through. Firstly, some encounters Beth has in the story help her surmount the difficult conditions she lives in. Specifically, her encounter with Nora makes her more determined and more inclined to stand up for what she wants. The following extract illustrates that rather clearly: â€Å"I’m going to see Nora tomorrow,† I said. â€Å"While Dad’s out in the field. He doesn’t have to know. † â€Å"You’ll stay here,† she [her mother] said. â€Å"I need your help. † â€Å"I’ll do the work and then I’ll go. You can tell him or not. I’ll leave after he’s gone out for lunch and come back before supper. † â€Å"You will not leave this house. † â€Å"What are you going to do to stop me? (Page 162) It is important to note that Beth is informing her mother of her plans and not seeking out her permission. Following their encounter, Beth and Nora’s relationship evolved into a very intimate friendship that means a lot to Beth. As a result, Beth is more determined to stand up to her parents to maintain that friendship. She decides to fight for what she wants rather than bow her head and obey without protest. That builds up her strength of character and make her stronger when faced with other conflicts. By the same token, Beth’s encounter with Nora make her less of a follower and more of a participant. Indeed, Beth, who is someone who doesn’t mingle much, is brought out of her shell thanks to Nora. In the following extract, Beth’s eagerness to participate to the winter house project Nora proposes is obvious; ‘â€Å"We could decorate it,† I [Beth] said. â€Å"Hang some things up the wall. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Page 131) In brief, following her encounter with Nora, Beth has become a much more determined and much less secluded character. That change helps her stand up to her fears more and make some difficult choices that she may not have been able to make without that input. Secondly, some choices Beth make throughout the novel help her evolve into the mature and responsible young woman she becomes in the end. For instance, her decision to quit school after her classmates bully her helps her detach from that disheartening environment. She can roam around freely in calming and peaceful places such as the one described in the following extract: â€Å"At first, the forest was quiet. Then I began hearing the noises that made up the quiet: trees aching, birds whistling, someone chopping wood way off. (Page 106) Quitting school turns out to be a rather therapeutic experience for Beth who can finally escape to a place a few hours a day to unload the stress her difficult situation is giving her. That enables her to be less stressed and pessimistic when faced with other conflicts. Similarly, Beth’s choice to stay home and not accompany Nora to Vancouver is a major decision that helped her resolve many conflicts. It is underlined in the following extract: â€Å"You going to come with me? † [asked Nora] I shook my head and looked at the carpetbag she carried. â€Å"What’re you staying here for? she said. â€Å"Your father’s coming back. You know he is. † â€Å"It’s home,† I said. â€Å"I don’t know anything else. † â€Å"You’re never going to if you don’t step out. † â€Å"I got things to do here first,† I said. â€Å"I’ll go when I’m ready. Anyway, Mum needs me now. † In this extract, it is uncovered that Beth is choosing to stay and face her father, whom she has great conflicts with, and her problems head-on, rather than escape and avoid them forever. She chooses the right way instead of the easy way out. It unveils how much Beth has grown and how mature and brave she has become. Finally, it is obvious that Beth’s encounters, as well as her choices throughout the novel, help her overcome her difficult situation and put a stop to the abuse she’s going through. These two factors are obviously very essential to Beth’s growth. Although I think that Beth’s development is due to her great bravery and strength of character, I don’t think that she would have achieved such maturity if she hadn’t been faced with the encounters she’s been faced with, or the choices she had to make. The turn the events took definitely helped Beth become the mature and responsible young woman she has evolved in.

History of Legazpi Essay

DURING THE PRE-SPANISH PERIOD Early in the 13th century, Datu Balensusa and Dumagsil, two of the ten Bornean Datus led by Datu Puti, went from Panay to Laguna and the Bicol Region. Prehistoric dwellers mostly fishermen and farmers established a barangay on the mouth of Makabulo River called Sawangan (now Legazpi Port) , a small settlement by a mangrove swamp,Its inhabitants were headed by old chieftain, Gat Ibal,a descendant of Datu Dumagsil. The home grown name,Sawangan was another way to say Sabang indicating a† natural wharf created by the water from the sea†. Dwelling in tiny groups of huts which are made from rattan and nipa, small houses occupied this part of swampy and low land and its surrounding areas were known as Ibalon. DURING THE SPANISH PERIOD In 1573,under the Spanish expeditionary forces,Capitan Juan de Salcedo (Capitan Esteban de Manchaca) and 120 soldiers reached and explored barangay Sawangan. The natives gallantly fought the invaders but were no match for the conquistadores’ superior arms. Subsequently, the natives were converted to Catholism. In 1587,Franciscan friars of the Doctrina of Cagsawa began to convert the settlement to Christianity. Fr. Francisco de Sta. Ana,it’s first parish priest built the first chapel made of nipa and bamboo to house and established the first Franciscan mission in Sawangan, the â€Å"Mission de San Gregorio de Sawangan. In 1605, Sawaà ±gan was elevated to Visita Regular, having been previously under the spiritual ministry of Cagsaua since 1578. In 1616,Sawangan become an independent town separated from Cagsawa called Albaybay (meaning â€Å"by the bay†) finally shortened as Albay. It was declared the capital of the province of Partido de Ibalon (old name of the Province of Albay). The town was renamed Albay, then Legazpi, as Albay went on to refer to the province at present. Perennially rocked by minor eruptions of the Mayon Volcano for two centuries, compounded by sporadic attacks by Muslim pirates and the Dutch, the capital was partially destroyed by a major eruption on February 1, 1814. The catastrophe buried Cagsaua.The progress of the town was razed to the ground upon the eruption, Fr. Pedro Licup evacuated the community to Makalaya (today’s Barangay Taysan). Some of the people, however, remained in the old town and began anew as a barrio. In lieu of their former patron saint, St. Gregory the Great, which had also been transferred to Albay, they adopted St. Raphael, the Archangel and transformed the ermita into a church. They finally regained their old status but never changed the name of the place as Albay Viejo or Banwang Daan.Years later in 1856, Sawangan was restored and subsequently renamed Binanuahan (Banuang Gurang) which literally means â€Å"Old Town† or â€Å"ancient place or town wherein a town was founded† and/or â€Å"the former seat of a town†. It was made a Visita Tributaria of Taytay. The combined towns were later named Albay Nuevo (Bagumbayan – meaning â€Å"New Town†) with the residents of Binanuahan’s objections to the union. On July 17, 1856, Ramon Montero of the Govierno Superiora de las Islas Filipinas signed a decree which created the Visita of Pueblo Viejo, out of Binanuahan – uniting the barrios (settlement communities) of Lamba, Bigaa and Rawis. On September 22, 1856, through a subsequent Royal Decree, the name Legazpi was officially adopted to including the visitas of Lamba, Rawis and Bigaa, and declaring it an independent town. It was formally inaugurated on October 23, 1856. Historically, the city was named Legazpi, to perpetuate to the memory of Adelantado Don Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. This was the agreement made between the original inhabitants of the place and the Spaniards during the former’s quest for autonomy. It took them 21 years, in which they sought the help and support of the Spaniards, then living in the town. As a sign of gratitude, the people readily accepted the name, which was also then proposed by the Spaniards upon fulfillment of their efforts. Now autonomous, and with a fast paced progress and prosperity,the port of Legazpi served as anchorage of ships sailing for Nuevo Espaà ±a (through Mexico) in the later part of the 16th century until it was elevated a Royal Decree by issued earlier on May 18, 1872 in Madrid and was later promulgated by Governor Juan Alamenos y de Vivar on December 3, 1874 as a port of entry open to world trade . Legazpi first became a city under the Becerra Law of 1892 promulgated by the Spanish Minister of Ultramar in 1894, which constituted the municipalities of Legazpi, Albay Nuevo and Daraga, into the Ayutamiento de Albay with the resentment of the Daragueà ±os. At the height of the Filipino-Spanish Revolution, the Civil Governor of Albay, Angel Bascaran y Federic and the Spanish residents fled Albay. Subsequently, a revolutionary Junta was organized by Don Anacleto Solano, who later turned over command to General Vicente Lucban, General-in-Chief of Operations of the Philippine Revolutionary Governments in the Southern Region. DURING THE AMERICAN PERIOD By January 23, 1900 the American forces outgunned Legazpi defenders, defeating the Sandatahanes led by Vito Belarmino and Jose Ignacio Paua at the Battle of San Rafael Bridge known as the â€Å"Battle of Legazpi†. With the American occupation in 1900, the city was dissolved upon reestablished Legazpi, Albay and Daraga as independent towns under a military government. In 1908, the Philippine Assembly, again, merged the three towns creating the Municipio de Albay which became the capital of the province. Giving way to bitter opposition from Daragueà ±os, realizing the merger was doing more harm than good to their interests, the Philippine Assembly finally separated Daraga from the capital town in 1922. DURING THE JAPANESE PERIOD Simultaneous with the bombing of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, the Japanese Imperial Army’s Kimura Detachment entered Legazpi on December 12, 1941. Yet again, countless accounts of the locals’ ultimate sacrifices, gallantry and heroism against the odds in the ensuing Guerilla warfare abound during that period. Under Japanese military administration for almost 4 years, the capital was finally liberated by American forces on April 1, 1945. DURING THE REPUBLIC Legazpi became a city for the second time on July 18, 1948 when Daraga and Legazpi were combined again to constitute its territory, under Republic Act No. 306. Re-Incorporating Daraga, Republic Act No. 306 elevated the town to today’s Legazpi City. However, bitter opposition from the Daragueà ±os ultimately prevailed with the passing of Republic Act No. 993 which repealed R.A. 306 creating the separate Municipalities of Legazpi and Daraga.With the re-creation of the two municipalities, the city was dissolved in June 8, 1954. Finally on June 12, 1959,Republic Act 2232 authored by Senator.Pedro Subido and Congressman.Jusfino Nuyda was signed by Pres.Carlos P.Garcia. This was later amended by Republic Act 5525. By virtue of this act, Legazpi became a city for the third time. .Legazpi was declared Albay Province’s seat of government as its capital city under Republic Act 2254. On February 27, 1973, With the onset of the Integrated Reorganization Plan of Pres. Ferdinand Marcos, the City of Legazpi was declared under Presidential Decree No. 125, to comprise its present territorial jurisdiction and the adjacent Municipality of Daraga. however, the decree was permanently mothballed. This plan also made the city as the regional administrative center of the Bicol Region (Presidential Decree No. 1). At present,the Gateway City of Bicol,Legazpi,is a bustling and very progressive city that is home of more than 180,000 citizens.

Movie research paper The Truman Show Essays

Movie research paper The Truman Show Essays Movie research paper The Truman Show Essay Movie research paper The Truman Show Essay The truman show is founded on an enormous secret that all of the studios advertising has been determined to reveal. I didnt know the secret when I saw the film, and was able to enjoy the little doubts and wonderings that the filmmakers so carefully planted. () Those fortunate audience members () will be able to appreciate the meticulous way director Peter Weir and writer Andrew Niccol have constructed a jigsaw plot around their central character, who doesnt suspect that hes living his entire life on live television. (Ebert 1) This film by director Peter Weir and writer Andrew Niccol tells about a man (Truman Burbank) who who finds out that his whole life is actually TV show. The movie has an incredible influence on America and the international community. What maybe no one would expect, this movie inspired some producers especially a famous European producer, John De Mol, to produce a reality TV show called Big Brother. He is also very famous for his produced TV shows Fear Factor and Who wants to be a Millionaire? (DooYoo 1). The Truman Show is not only famous because it is a typical 20th century movie, it also includes one of the todays best actors. Jim Carrey , Ed Harris , and Laura Linney are only three of many actors of this movie who performance their role in a perfect way. Also the strange storyline makes the movie to special in its genre. The storyline is deceptive, almost maliciously so (Myers 1), and is based on several movies like Edtv (1999), which is also about a man whose life is broadcast li ve 24 hours a day on television, he plays a similar character (IMDB 2). It is also very famous because it contains never before seen technical aspects like the directors office of the TV show. The many camera shots from every position, like garbage cans, behind car radios, and billboards, make it very individual. Truman Burbank, played by Jim Carrey, is living in a suburban setting and works as a salesman. He doesnt realize that he is living in a fake world with actors all around him. His lifestyle is like an ordinary Joe whose life seems to be pretty idyllic. He has a good job, a nice house, and a beautiful wife (Jardine 1); he goes to work everyday and is totally satisfied with his life. Only one day, when he his on his way to work, a camera light, from the film producers falls down from the sky and lands close to him. He picks it up, but doesnt really think about it. In the car, after hitting the radio because it is not working properly, he can hear directions about where he is going coming out of his speakers. The last strange and most important scene is when he recognizes his father, who was purposely drowned while sailing with Truman, on the street. When Truman recognizes him, his father is taken away by some mysterious, casually dressed men. He begins wondering what is wrong with him or his world. After watching his environment with more attention, he realizes that everything is repeated over and over. For example he sees a yellow bug, a man with flowers, and a woman on a bicycle is passing his house every ten minutes. Something is missing [in his life], and he thinks perhaps he might find it in Fiji, where Lauren (Natascha McElhone), the only woman he really lo ved, allegedly has moved with her family (Ebert 1). However he cant take a boat because he always remembers the day when he lost his father. The TV show director also indirectly doesnt allow him to escape, because it would ruin the TV show. When Truman is sleeping and the producers of the TV show dont pay attention, Truman is finally able to escape with a boat by himself. Christof, the director, tries everything to stop him, before can escape from the set. After Truman almost drowned in a manufactures heavy thunderstorm, Truman reaches the edge of the set and tries to walk out. That is the first scene in which Christof and Truman have their first conversation. Christof tries to keep Truman from leaving the film set arguing argues, that he has created him and the world he has created for [Truman] is the good world, not the sick world [outside of the set] (The Truman Show). However, Truman decides to step out of the set and says the sentence he always said to his neighbors every morning; Good morning! And in case I dont see you: good af ternoon, good evening and good night! (The Truman Show). After that you can only see Trumans back as he steps into a black background and Christof shutting down his little desktop, through which he watched Truman talking to him. The directing by Peter Weir plays a big role in making The Truman Show a terrific movie. He selected several actors who were not very typical for their role. Truman, played by Jim Carey, who might simultaneously break your heart as easily as he makes you laugh (Turan 1) was not expected to present this role that perfect. Also Cristof (Ed Harris), who won the Golden Globe as Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture (HFPA 1), and Hanna Gill (Laura Linney), who was nominated for Favorite Supporting Actress Drama by the Blockbuster Entertainment Awards (Blockbuster 1), make this movie to a highlight in his genre. It seems that Weir wanted to make up a total different kind of movies. He says about the movie: The Truman Show was based on Michael Jackson. You watch The Truman Show and, I mean, Jim Carrey did a fantastic job, but Michael Jackson is Truman. Hes who I based him on and he is the nearest thing to Truman. The director continues to say, The connection between Michael and Truman is simple they both have a heart, and people treat them like objects for entertainment value. (Justice Prevailed 1)

The Provinces of the Roman Empire (Circa 120 CE)

The Provinces of the Roman Empire (Circa 120 CE) Roman provinces (Latin proviniciae, singular provincia) were administrative and territorial units of the Roman Empire, established by various emperors as revenue-generating territories throughout Italy and then the rest of Europe as the empire expanded. The governors of the provinces were often selected from men who had been consuls (Roman magistrates), or former praetors (the chief justice of magistrates) could also serve as governor. In some places such as Judaea, the comparatively lower ranking civil prefects were appointed the governor. The provinces provided a source of income for the governor and resources for Rome. Varying Borders The number and borders of the provinces under Roman rule changed nearly constantly as conditions altered in the various locations. During the latter period of the Roman Empire known as the Dominate, the provinces were each broken into smaller units. The following are the provinces at the time of Actium (31 BCE) with the dates (from Pennell) they were established (not the same as the date of acquisition) and their general location. Sicilia (Sicily, 227 BCE)Sardinia and Corsica (227 BCE)Hispania Citerior (eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula, 205 BCE)Hispania Ulterior (southern coast of the Iberian Peninsula, 205 BCE)Illyricum (Croatia, 167 BCE)Macedonia (mainland Greece, 146 BCE)Africa (modern Tunisia and western Libya, 146 BCE)Asia (modern Turkey, 133 BCE)Achaia (southern and central Greece, 146 BCE)Gallia Narbonensis (southern France, 118 BCE)Gallia Citerior (80 BCE)Cilicia (63 BCE)Syria (64 BCE)Bithynia and Pontus (northwestern Turkey, 63 BCE)Cyprus (55 BCE)Cyrenaica and Crete (63 BCE)Africa Nova (eastern Numidia, 46 BCE)Mauritania (46 BCE) Principate The following provinces were added under the emperors during the Principate: Rhaetia (Switzerland, Austria, and Germany, 15 BCE)Noricum (parts of Austria, Slovenia, Bavaria, 16 BCE)Pannonia (Croatia, 9 BCE)Moesia (Danube river region of Serbia, the Republic of Macedonia, and Bulgaria, 6 CE)Dacia (Transylvania, 107 CE)Britannia (Britain, 42 CE)Aegyptus (Egypt, 30 BCE)Cappadocia (central Turkey, 18 CE)Galatia (central Turkey, 25 BCE)Lycia (43 BCE)Judaea (Palestine, 135 CE)Arabia (Nabataea, 106 CE)Mesopotamia (Iraq, 116 CE)Armenia (114 CE)Assyria (disagreement on location, 116 CE) Italian Provinces Latium et Campania (Regio I)Apulia et Calabria (Regio II)Lucania et Bruttium (Region III)Samnium (Regio IV)Picenum (Region V)Tuscia et Umbria (Regio VI)Etruria (Regio VII)Aemilia (Regio VIII)Liguria (Regio IX)Venetia et Ager Gallicus (Regio X)Transpadana (Regio XI) Sources Pennell RF. 1894. Ancient Rome: From the Earliest Times Down to 476 A.D. Project Guttenberg.. Smith W. 1872. A dictionary of Greek and Roman Google Books. geography, Volume 2.

The Muses in Greek Mythology and Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Muses in Greek Mythology and Art - Essay Example History of Greek Muses has different in a different author writing over the course of time. But the bottom line or the core idea always remains the same. Muses are associated with various arts and cultural activities, which often helped the people of the ancient time to overcome any kind of mental difficulties or stress. The Muses, as per the views of the earliest writers, was the inspirational goddesses of song, whereas according to a later set of people, theologies ruling over the various kinds of poetry along with other science and cultural activities. They were initially viewed as the sprites of inspirational wells, close to which they were loved. Later on, the Thraco-Boeotian adoration of the nine Muses started to spread out from Boeotia over other parts of Greece, and eventually became normally recognized.The origin of all these 9 Muses is not similar as there is a number of theories associated with the origin of them. Few people or the most common concept associated with the o rigin of all 9 Muses was they were the daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne, and born in Pieria, at the foot of Mount Olympus. There was another set of theory which suggested that they were the daughters of Uranus and Gaea. For a period of 2500 years, people used to believe that all 9 Muses were the base of any kind of cultural activities. Throughout all the Western Civilization, people accepted the fact that all their inspirations, creativity, and incredible talent come from his muse.

Electrophysiology Instramentation and Design Essay

Electrophysiology Instramentation and Design - Essay Example Introduction Many human body organs manifest their body movements through electric activities (Greddes & Baker, 1989). A good example is the heart which produces an electric signal, called an electrocardiogram. In the brain, there is a signal produced called the electroencephalogram (EEG). Eyes produce an electro-oculogram. When these and more other body electrical signals are measured, it becomes possible to measure the pathological functions of the organs (Bonow & Mann 2011). In this paper, there will be an explanation of the state of the art systems and the particular performance motivations that have led to the electrophysiological measurements, their principles of operation, and how they are practically implemented. The article will also look at the role played by engineering in collaboration with synthetic biology and the fundamental essence of automation in the technology. The paper will then be followed by a fundamental look of the recent commercial systems in comparison to t he systems used for research and development. Background: Measurement context and problems The electrophysiological measurements or the bio potentials originate from the electric activities taking place at the cellular levels. ... The separations take place inside and outside the cell. Due to this difference, there is production of a resting potential. There are cells that can be excited resulting to an action potential that can lead to speedy movement of ions across the cell membranes responding to the stimulation of the electricity in the cell’s electric gradient. When the cells are electrically excited, they produce current in the surrounding conducting areas which then manifests itself as the body’s potential. There are various bio potentials in human organs (Stober 1986). Physical Background and measurements context The electrophysiological measurements are made feasible through the use of the right materials in design. The designs of the amplifiers should be perfect for acquiring of best quality measurements. Other quality determinant factors are using good electrodes, properly applying them on the patient and good clinical practices. There are various electrodes that can be used for electr ophysiological measurements. Some of the distinguishing features in the electrodes are security, good conduction, less susceptibility to lesser junction potential substances. In order to have a very good contact between the skin and the electrode, an electrode gel is used. When the gels are highly conductive, there is reduction of resistance as well as the junction potential. One of the limitations of using these gels is being that they are causative agents for allergies. Another limitation is the movement of the skin against the electrode, something that causes artefact. Such movements produce motion artifact due to the changing electrode junction to the skin potential. This effect is however reduced through the reduction of movements on unnecessary

Digital Technology in the Film Avatar Assignment

Digital Technology in the Film Avatar - Assignment Example The creatures of Na’vi were not only virtually designed but the whole Pandora, landscape, flora, and fauna add to the believability of the world (Valk & Arnold, 2013). In 2010 the movie was selected for eight British Academy Film Awards and won the BAFTA prize for Best Production design and unique visual outcome. Stereopsis is an optical illusion where our brain sent our eyes the signal to visualize a two-dimensional object as a three-dimensional object. This optical illusion has been used as a trick in the 3D film Avatar. The film has used high tech active glasses side by side liquid crystal display (LCD’s) in place of lenses. The two LCD’s opened and closed alternatively and synchronized with the images on the screen via radio transmitters in the theatre thereby inducing the brain of the viewer to form a three-dimensional illusion. Except for few sequences, there was no camera used in the studio where Avatar was made. The actor’s movement was recorded by motion capture which suited their body movements and facial expressions. James Cameron integrated the digital image of the characters with a 3D image of the virtual environment of Pandora generated in real time so that he could see the 3D world as he directed the movements of the actors and could remake a scene if he di d not like it (Straubhaaar,2013). Visual effects can be described as animation done in support of â€Å"live action plates† and it is primarily about surroundings and noncharacter dynamics. Avatar takes this idea further. The technology of visual effects makes us believe that fantasy places like that of Na’vi’s Pandora as depicted in Avatar exists in reality. From the beautiful landscape of Pandora to the rich regal blue skin of native, to the techniques used in battle scenes, Avatar was a medium for visual pleasure. Visual imageries have played a significant role in the film. There was a visual similarity between the â€Å"cryo-pod† from which Jake, the protagonist emerges and the casket in which his brother’s body was cremated depicts the connection between them. Avatar has employed racial stereotypes about race and identity and offered strong female characterization. The critical reception of Avatar holds both awe and disappointment because alth ough the film employs 3-D digital performance capture it has been caught hold by old-fashioned storyline (Grabiner, 2012). Thomas Schatz noted that commercialization of film texts coincides with the shift from character to the plot. The danger as per him is that the films are continuously depoliticized as noted in the film Avatar where colonialist and imperialist subtext has been negated by the focus on spectacle, action and special effects. The film’s narrative plays a secondary role and the complex characterization is replaced by spectacularisation of narrative (Valk & Arnold).

Business Simulation Exercise In The European Car Industry

Business Simulation Exercise In The European Car Industry The movement of pricing, vis-à  -vis the budgeted pricing is being considered next. It is seen that the budgeted pricing for A-Star was  £12,169.15 while that Plush was  £16,909.69. However over the next three periods, there have been fluctuations in the price movements as envisaged in Table 1 shown in Appendix. Thus over the period there has been an average of 6% increase in prices of A-Star and around 2% in that of Plush. These could be attributed to increases in material prices and labour which shall be taken up shortly. This could also be due to competitors increasing prices which have impacted on this business also. Forecast and Results: Production figures have been estimated at 1% of the 11.25 market share. The total market share and not the market shares as per individual age groups have been taken into account, primarily because city cars are preferred by all age groups and not restricted to any one age group. Round 1: Estimated Sales: This has been estimated by multiplying forecasted production with selling prices per unit; The Depreciation factor has not been considered, since for the first year, it is not necessary to consider cost of manufacturing fixed assets from selling prices. Bank Balance: The Companys financial strength is indicated by its bank balance. However, in this case it needs to be seen that bank balance needs to improve. Unsold stock: The question of any unsold stocks does not arise since all cars that were manufactured were sold out during the year. Gross Margin: No account of inflation has been considered during the first year of operations. Market Share: We have under produced the cars, when compared to other competitors, thus leading to lower market share. Round 2: Estimated Sales: 83% of A-Stars Production and 100% Plushs production has been fully sold out. Bank Balance: Excess of expenditure over incomes has resulted in negative bank balance. Adverse cash balance has necessitated infusion of fresh doze of bank loan. Unsold stock: There were unsold stocks of A-Star forming around 17% of production. It is hoped this would be sold during the next Round Gross Margin: the result for both was 21% but we estimated gross margin 25% for city car and 23% for medium car, so we were an unsold car for city car, which affected our gross margin actual results. Market Share: Market share needs to be improved by gaining better inroads into markets and increasing visibility and sale of cars. It could be through advertising campaigns. Forecast and Results 3: Pricing : We added two new options to care. This is to match options provided by competitors who were doing better business with these add-ons .There have been price increases in finished goods, since, due to the impact of inflation, wage bill has increased from  £425 to  £430. Production : Since there were aspects of unsold stocks, productions of cars were reduced this year although the numbers of workers were the same and the output was the same. However there was greater production. Gross Margins: : the result for city car was 25%and for medium car is 21%, but we estimated gross margin 29% for city car and 24% for medium car, so we were an unsold car for city car, which affected our gross margin actual results. Unsold stocks: Since our prices were relatively higher than that of our competitors, there were unsold stocks. Market share: All cars produced could not be sold because of high pricing. This also resulted in lower market share. Thus, selling prices needed to be brought at par with that of competitors. Sales: We increased the production, and since we produced more, we were able to sell more and gain better sales figures. Post Tax Profits: While production forecasts were lower than actual, the factory producton had not changed. Thus, more production of cars led to more materials and labour costs. Opening stocks were however not considered while calculating post tax profits. We sold lesser number of cars although we produced more, resulting in stocks, and also higher material costs. Results of Round 4: Sales: We redesigned the car options in order to remain in market- and reduced the selling prices of cars. This resulted in increase in the gross margins and medium size cars had a good market. Production: Factory output was at 60% Gross Margins: the result for city car was 15%and for medium car is 15%, but we estimated gross margin 24% for city car and 24% for medium car, so we were an unsold car for city car, which affected our gross margin actual results. Unsold Stocks: Competitors have better brand image, better market share and improved popularity Market Share: Similar to Round 3 Post Tax Profits: Error in calculating interest rates in current account and interest on loans. Summary of Financial Results : From a examination of Table 5 8 appendixed at the end of this study, it is evident that all is not going too smoothly for this auto making company. For one thing, its margins have been decreasing and even the Post Tax Profits are showing losses at the end of Round 4. This is all the more intriguing when one considers that there has been consistent increase in production over the Rounds. Thus, the most sensible thing for the company to do at this stage is to reduce production rationally and concentrate on producing only such products that are money spinners and could earn handsome profits for the company in latter years. There is no use of increasing inventory and carrying costs by producing cars that do not have a ready market, or in expectations of revenues that may not occur. Coming to market share, it may be seen that some aspects of this ratio are market driven and may not be controllable by the company. However, it is necessary that Sound Marketing Strategies need to be made that could address aspects of a sagging bottom line and reducing market share in competitive auto making markets. Non-financial results: Coming to the non-financial aspects, it is evidenced that the number of work force has increased from the initial 391 for A-Star and 475 for Plush, total of 866 employees according to the budgeted estimates. However the strength of the work force in the subsequent rounds is as shown in Table 2 in Appendix From the above, it is quite evident that there has been an excess use of work force as compared to the budgetary figures. Coming to capacity utilization while in the First and Second Round, there has been 100% capacity utilization, during the third round, it is just 65% of total. Regarding promotional activity expenses, it is evidenced that while the budgetary figure of  £60M have been maintained in the First and Second round, in the Third round this has increased to  £80M, an increase of  £20M. Present scenario in the car manufacturing scenario in Europe: It is also seen that, economic recession has severely affected the European car industry and therefore a clearer picture could only emerge if and when the recession fades away and the business economies are realised perhaps after 2010 or so. Over the past five years, there has been a slowdown in economic output across the EU. Weak growth has led to reduced consumer and business confidence. Industrial production, including the production of durable consumer goods, has declined. This has impacted severely on the car industry, given the cars status as the ultimate consumer and fashion item, as well as the importance of engineering and design in the manufacturing process. Average profit margins have declined from around 10% in the 1960s to less than 5% today, and some volume car makers are actually losing money. (EMCC Dossier on the European Automotive Industry, 2004). A business study of this kind needs to also consider economic and non-economic factors like rate of inflation, GDP, industry growth, taxation, availability of spares, etc. in order to be viable and competitive in global car markets. Segmentation and business opportunities in developing countries also needs to be seen as also the need for exploring exports in high growth areas. The non-economic factors like customer trends and preferences, road conditions and liking for the product are also major issues, especially when automakers are vying each other not only in technical competence but also in market sharing and target realization. Under such circumstances, costs, pricing, attitudes and selling stratagems all play crucial roles in determining the business opportunities and its future impact on business, especially in changing and volatile markets. The need for business projections and target setting in areas of production, sales, finance and human relations are crucial in the highly competitive auto making industry. Critical reflection on teachings: The teaching and the analyzing are interrelated they both find the guidance as the useful tool in the analysis and in the final conclusion. The learning can be successful only when the different traits and the complexities are understood properly by the guide and the knowledge can be proven beyond the boundaries. The critical reflection has the major role on the education and it is its major objective. The model of the critical reflection is shown which was put forward by meziro, for the explaining of the critical behaviour exhibited in Table 3 in Appendix The reflection is the analyzing or the forecasting of the future period by the decision making approach with the complicated and the interrelated schema. Learning as an important tool: The learning can be considered as an important tool for the analysis of the different departments in the business game and the various functions of the same. To analyze the proper functioning of the different departments are vital to know whether the business game is a success in the different trait and whether the departments suits the requirement. HR Department: The HR department is the one which deals with the people as the asset of the organization, the people related activities and the contribution by the people to the organization. It is the strategic approach to the goal settings and the functions of the management. In the study of the department is considered the strength of the employees were considered to be less than 1000, during the start up but by the growth of the company and by the innovation the strength of the employees has reached upto 4000.The study of the departments are considered by the employees turnover and the capacity of the production output by the employees in the organization. The loan facility that are acquired for the different operations and for the benefit of the employee. Professionalism of the Human Resource (HR) department is implied to be twofold implications. A professional HR practitioner has a collective professional role to play to enhance the HR occupation. (HR Department Professionalism: A Comparison Between the UK and Other European Countries, 2005). Operations Department: The operations department consists of the operations performed in the car industry, the operation starts from the purchase of the raw materials to the process and to the finished goods to the dispatching of the product is the duty of the operations department that has to be monitored. The different operation technique like the JIT and the six sigma process are done in for the efficiency of the operation department for the competitive advantage. Focused research studies that advance the theory and practice of operations management. OMR is a rigorous, double-blind peer-reviewed journal that is oriented toward fast reviews and publication of high-quality research that makes a clear contribution to the science and practice of operations management in todays global institutions. (Meredith and McMullen, n.d). Marketing department: The marketing department consists of the marketing of the manufactured cars to the customers with good promotion techniques and tactics like the offers to find the increased sales and the revenue. The main idea is to promote the product to the customer but the proper market analysis and the research has to be conducted to make the product a success.The qualitative and the quantitative research are to be conducted to have a thorough analysis for the same for finding out the demand for the product and the forecast about the market. Statistics provide traders with the detailed information needed to make focused decisions; only a complete market analysis can provide the story behind the numbers. (Market Analysis, 2010). Financial department: The financial department consists of the analysis of the financial data and the analysis of the cash flow and the fund flow of the company as the whole, the accounts personnel are to be hired as the financial controller where they have the ultimate control for the finance and the different kind of the financial aspects.The different pricing mechanism to be treated as the payback period to be made short and analysing of the different pricing ratios to be done,The fixed assets should be increased and the company turn over should be increased. The different tools are used for the analysis of the finance aspects. The commonly used ratios are the instant financial analysis, accounting ratios, and financial statement analysis tools, with industry ratios tools and accounting ratios. (My Business Analyst (MBA), 2010). If the game was played once more the performance can be improvised to much extend because the first game can lack the experience and the usage of the certain tools can be used more.The safety aspects can be considered more and the competitor analysis are to be done,The car industry can also go for the hybrid variety of cars in the industry as they are the common variety in demand ,the company also go for the variety of the alternative propulsion vehicle and electric vehicle which can add on the variety to the category of the brand. The completeness in the collection and the analysis may also have some of the inadequacy as a result of the lack of experience in the field. Business game is the practical tool to practice and understand business and its challenges, threats and opportunities. Business games help to identify oneself as the core part of the business and managing the situations. Regardless of the size of business you are in whether a large corporation, a small company, or even a home-based business effective communication skills are essential for success. (Improve your Communication Skills, 2010). The communication is very important in a business; It is the effectiveness in the company which contribute for the overall growth and the prospectus of the company and the smooth functioning of the different departments in the organization irrespective of the functions in the departments, The World of Business Communication: Every businesss aim is to gain profits. Whatever be the type of business you are in; the bottom line is that you must earn something from it. (The world of Business Communication, 2010). It is through the communication that the operations are handled effectively and efficiently. The business game is usually to improve the performance and to boost up the skills of selling, marketing and the operations. Theres a lot of confusion about team building event days. Often it is seen as an exercise to boost morale, to help workers bond better, and as a fun day out at the companys expense. (Rose, 2010). The additions for the improvement in the company are the guidance at the each of the steps for the avoiding of the mistakes and the error correction at the each level. The reference to the previous business game which are a success, The each step of the activities should be conducted in a team. The open discussion should be conducted in order to have various opinions regarding the business and the management and the brainstorming ideas from the team mates. It involves the activities to be conducted and the Free team building activities, exercises and ideas are for building teams and teamwork, corporate employee motivation, personal development, ice-breakers, energizers, and more serious learning and personal development. (Chapman, 2010). (References:The all round 1 and 3 and the graphs for the understanding of the companys performance). Team Performance: A critical evaluation of the performance of the team For every organization there will be a set of team responsible for particular activities within the organization. Team represents a set of people working together towards accomplishing a set of predetermined goals and objectives. Effective, productive teams of all types have a positive impact on bottom line results and organizational success. (Cornelius, 2006, p.1) The important works were allocated to these four members. These team members were Yi Jiang, Adnan Hasan, Shanu Jain and Fawaz Khalid Ansari. All these members have performed in such a way that this enabled the organization to achieve it goals. They altogether took the decisions related to the various operational areas. The functions allocated to each member and their roles being in a team are explained as follows; Yi Jiang  was responsible for look after the marketing department. His duty was to design the marketing research programs and to give instructions and appropriate guidance to his team members. He used to prepare slides for presentation in the team. After conducting marketing research he decides the promotion strategy that has to be implemented for their product to become successful in the market. He was having a clear idea about the European market conditions and based on those ideas he gave appropriate suggestions related to the production quantity and the percentage of market share that has to be captured by the company. He was the person who gave the idea to produce city and medium sized cars. He helped me in the operations department by deciding the quantity of products that has to be produced by the company. The company was having huge stock that was not sold in both the second and the third round. This was a great problem for the company. For solving this problem he provided an excellent idea to redesign the car. This was decided in the fourth round and the result was outstanding. Adnan Hasan was responsible to manage the finance department. He was responsible to handle all the financial operations of the company in all departments specifically the accounts department. Deciding the finance required for each activity is not an easy task and he was much capable person to give all financial instructions to the company. He has helped the operations department by stating the quantity to be produced by the firm and also provided the accurate number of human resources required for the operations department. Shanu Jain was responsible to look after the human resource department within the organization. She is a person who is very talented and highly committed towards the work. She was responsible to conduct the meetings within the organization. She prepared the agenda and the minutes of the meeting conducted between the team members from all the departments. Inorder to smoothen the team work a team charter was created by Shanu Jain Date Attendance Discussion 17-11-2009 100% Decision related to market segment and selected the design and options. 18-11-2009 100% Decision related to pricing of cars. 20-11-2009 100% Estimating the production units and sales value. 22-11-2009 100% Forecasting the profit and the cash flow and designing decision form. NX0441 Managing for Sustainable Competitive Advantage In the second round she found that the productivity of the employees has been reduced and for solving that problem she suggested to increase the wages of the worker. This resulted in an increase in the productivity among the employees and it was found in the following rounds.. The last key member is Fawaz Khalid Ansari and that is me. I was the team leader for the operation department and i was responsible to handle the operations department within the organization since I am a mechanical engineering graduate. I took the decisions related to the quantity of output to be produced by the company. I gave my complete effort to give my best to the team and thereby to the organization. With my available knowledge about the cars and the latest trends in the European market I helped the marketing department to understand the consumer behaviour with respect to the car market. I also helped my team, members to create excellent designs for the cars. I suggested an idea to purchase a single factory and give the maximum from it. As a key team member in the organization I took the decision to produce less at the first stage and this was a great help for the firm, because till round 2 the company was having many stocks that were not sold. All the activities that have to be performed by each team members are prepared in a chart and it is termed as team charter. Every team will have a particular charter and it will be in a written format. The charter typically includes a statement of mission, objectives or statement of work; background; authority, boundary conditions (scope, constraints, resources, and schedule); membership; high-level requirements or specifications, and interface responsibilities. (Project Management Training and Resources: Team Charter, 2009). I realised that the team work increases the level of motivation. This encourages members to work hard for the benefit of the team and the team is motivated because its members get their emotional and intellectual needs met by the team. (Working in Teams, 2010). The most important benefit for all the team members is that they will realise the value of a group work. In a teamwork environment, people understand and believe that thinking, planning, decisions and actions are better when done cooperatively. People recognize, and even assimilate, the belief that none of us is as good as all of us.  (Heathfield, 2010). All the decisions that are taken with respect to each department within the organization have its own significance in achieving the target of the organization. Conclusion: This is a business management game where the team members are asked to select and start a business and they have to sell the product. Various discussions have been held at different levels. It was able to learn a lot of things from this work. The participation of the team members towards a common goal was the major attraction of this game. From this game it was also able to understand how a team is working towards the predetermined goal for achieving the organizational goal. The important objective of the team members was to increase the value of the shareholder. For accomplishing this objective the team has listed out various steps that have to be followed. There is a team leader who is responsible to guide all the performance that is performed by the other team members.